NATURE OF STATE

The nature of the state under the Delhi sultanate  was evolved from the insgitution of caliphate.There was no rule of hereditery succession in tge Arabian caliphate and so in the sultanate also.The caliph was regarded as the head of religion and the state of the entire islamic world.So in principle,nobmuslim could have set up  an independent state wothout the permission of the caliph.The delhi sultansalso tried to show that they had the recoganition of the caliph.The sultans theoritically and formally recoganised the supremacy of the islamic law,but was dupplementery secular recoganitions,as majority of the governed was non muslims.

   The Delhi sultans used the name of the caliph in the friday prayer.The name of caliph was inscribed on the coins issued by sultans.But in practice the caliph had no role in the sultanate state.The point out the existence of zawabits or secular regulations in the sultanate .along with islamic law.

     Sadur us sadar was in charge of the religious affairs.He appointed quazis with the approval of the sultan and alloted grants to religious and educational institutions.The final vourt of appeal in civil and criminal cases was the sultan himself and under him was the cheif judge called quazi ul mauk.They were used for personal services and as body guards.some of them were artisans also.it is reported that sla e markets had existed in Delhi and other cities.

    After consolidating aread in north india,Alauddin turned his attention towards south india.The commander of khalji 's south indian expedition was malik khafur.The aim of his douth indian expedition was not building up an al india empire,but to vrab wwalth.The south indian expeditions of aluafdin khalji made the sultanate enormously rich